We will lower corporate tax rates by 5 percent and reduce our reliance on bonds. We hope to reduce the budget deficit by increasing the salaries of government employees at rates less than the inflation rate, Iran's finance minister Dr. Ehsan Khandouzi wrote in an article for Financial Times.

The full text of the article is as follows

In Iran, sanctions, currency fluctuations, and high inflation rates have led to subpar economic performance and a negative growth rate in recent years. Other adverse shocks such as the Covid-19 pandemic and natural disasters have further increased the fiscal pressure. Hence, the budget has grown faster than inflation — that for 2021 was about three times that for 2019.

I do not yet know what the outcome of Iran’s current nuclear negotiations with the 4 + 1 in Vienna will be. Regardless, we must take a cautious approach to our next budget so as not to upset the administration of the economy. Our government’s strategy was first to stabilize the economy and then to stimulate inclusive growth. In the past few months, part of the first goal was achieved, with point-to-point inflation decreasing on a monthly basis (from a 3.8 percent increase to 1.6 percent). The 2022 budget framework, which begins with the Iranian new year on March 21, must continue this strategy.

Given the current sanctions-related obstacles to exporting crude oil, the previous government’s strategy in financing the growing budget deficit increased our reliance on the bond market. The repayment and settlement of these debts are the responsibility of the new administration. We have also tried, over our seven months in office, to sell more oil under the existing restrictions (with an increase of 40 percent) and to raise tax revenues.

The recent mushrooming of Iran’s budget was a direct result of an increase in the government’s current expenditure, while its investments in various sectors have declined. This, along with widespread uncertainty over the country’s economy because of the pandemic, has also led to a decline in private sector investment. This, in turn, has resulted in a negative net investment in recent years, severely undermining future production and household welfare.

Against this background and in response to growing inequality, the new government has sought to change the course of fiscal policy. Our aim is to promote economic growth, price stability, and inclusive growth. We also seek institutional reforms to improve financial discipline and reduce spending.

As such, our budget for 2022, which is already approved by the parliament, includes several structural reforms. We will lower corporate tax rates by 5 percent and reduce our reliance on bonds. We hope to reduce the budget deficit by increasing the salaries of government employees at rates less than the inflation rate. We also predict increased oil export revenues.

Iran’s new budget is designed to promote equitable growth, including by increasing government investment. The public sector must play a more active role in investing in physical capital. Capital asset acquisition declined from 24 percent in 2012 to 14 percent in 2021 but, in the new budget, the share of credits for acquiring capital assets has increased by 4 percent. This is an essential step in strengthening public investment.

We also wish to reduce the growth in current expenditure. In the 2021 budget, this stood at around 60 percent. This has been reduced to 38 percent in the new bill.

Finally, we plan to increase tax revenues. Despite the reduction in corporate tax rates, the government has increased its reliance on sustainable tax revenues instead of mainly depending on oil. This has come about through substantial reforms to the tax system as well as by increasing financial transparency to reduce tax evasion and introducing a capital gains tax.

Our models suggest that Iran’s new budget will lead to positive medium-term outcomes in variables such as output, investment, employment, and inflation. The approach adopted in the 2021 budget is expected to reduce inflation significantly in the next three years. Moreover, total investment and non-oil production will grow more quickly.

Needless to say, the government is determined to keep the money supply and monetary base under tight control. This will require significant reforms in the banking sector, as well as in areas outside the government budget (such as pension funds, the national wealth fund, and so on). The current negotiations in Vienna could potentially lead to positive economic outcomes for Iran, especially in the banking sector and foreign exchange. We are ready for whatever scenario emerges — pessimistic or otherwise.

An Interview with Mohammad Berami
Managing Director of Siraf Energy

Mohammad Berami started his petrochemical career with the Iranian National petrochemical company in 1973. During his 43-year tenure in the petrochemical industry, he assumed different responsibilities in Iranian as well as other reputed international companies.
He served as the Managing Director and Board Member as well as Design and Maintenance Engineer for the Razi, Mobin, Zagros, Shiraz, Siraf and Tabriz petrochemical companies. He also held many respectable positions at several other petrochemical complexes in Iran.
He holds a degree in electrical engineering from Shiraz University and completed his Master degree in Instruments Engineers from the University of Huddersfield Polytechnic in  UK .
World Business Year talks to Mohammad Berami, the industry expert with more than 43 years of experience in the petrochemical sector, on investment opportunities and potential challenges for foreign investors in Iran.


What is your assessment of the investment opportunities in the petrochemical sector in Iran?

After the lifting of sanctions against the country, many international companies flocked to Iran with the purpose of assessing the potential investment opportunities in the country.  There are many investment opportunities in Iran, but it is the foreign investors who should have the courage to initiate the work. Often, many investors avoid facing the challenges and risks associated with investment in Iran.
The Basf Company has had a meeting with the Iranian petrochemical company for investment in Assaluyeh.

Any company that has success stories in petrochemical investment?

The Razi Petrochemicals is one of the success stories for investment in the petrochemical sector. As matter of fact our expectation is very high. We expected that giant petrochemical companies will come to Iran for investment in new projects.
Due to the privatization of the state-owned companies, the investment situation in the petrochemical industry has substantially changed. Earlier, the Iranian petrochemical companies had to sell their products to the Ministry of Agriculture. But now everything has been changed with privatization  in favor of private sector.  The petrochemical complexes can sell and export their products to domestic and international market.
What makes Iran a different destination for investment compared to the other countries?
There are many advantages of investing in Iran, including highly competitive prices for gas-based raw materials, rich ethane content in the country’s gas reserves, easy access to the ocean for export is main advantage, presence of highly  constructing service engineering  companies, cheap labor force and access to growing international market are big drivers for investors to invest in Iran.


What challenges do you think investor face with in Iran?

There is a bureaucratic red tape in Iran’s administration, but Investors should be patient because the government supports creating jobs. Investor should consider investing in other sectors like accommodations, hotels construction, health centers in Energy zones which can bring economic development   . There are  a few hotels but they are not sufficient and need more  investment in Hotel and accommodation sector .

What is your message to International Investment community?

Having 43 years of experience in petrochemical industry, has created in-depth knowledge for me on Iran’s petrochemical sector.  I can assure them that there are many people like me who are willing to share their knowledge and experience. We are even ready to tackle obstacle and challenges to pave the way for their investment with peace of mind.  

Guarantees and protections which offers by Iranian government :
- Foreign Capital is guaranteed against nationalization and expropriation, and in such cases the Foreign Investor shall be entitled to receive compensation (Article 9 of the FIPPA).
- Should laws or government regulations lead to prohibition or cessation of approved financial agreements within the framework of this Act, then the government shall procure and pay the resulting damages (Article 17 of the FIPPA & Article 26 of the bylaws). Foreign Investor can also benefit from MIGA Investment Guarantee.

- The purchase of goods and producer services of the foreign investment is guaranteed in cases where a state-run organ is the only buyer or supplier of a product or producer service at a subsidized price (Article 11 of the bylaws).

Rights and facilities:
- Foreign investments subject to this Act shall enjoy the same rights, protections and facilities available to domestic investments in a non-discriminatory manner (Article 8 of the FIPPA).
- The Foreign Investment and its profits may be transferred in foreign currency or goods (Articles 13-18 of the FIPPA).
- Acceptance of foreign investments in all the production, industrial, agricultural, transportation, communications, and services  fields as well as in fields related to water, power, and gas  supply and energy fields
- The possibility of the referral of investment-related disputes to international authorities (Article 19 of the FIPPA).
- The possibility of land ownership in the name of the company (registered in Iran) in joint ventures (Article 24 of the bylaws).
- Issuance of visas for three years in Iran for foreign investors, managers, experts and their immediate family members and the possibility of visa renewals  (Article 20 of the FIPPA & Article 35 of the bylaws).
- The investors are notified of the final decision regarding their applications within at most 45 days (Article 6 of FIPPA)
- Having a choice to choose the investment method in the project as FDI or Foreign Investment in all sectors within the framework of “Civil Participation”, “Buy-Back” and “Build-Operate-Transfer” (BOT) schemes (Article 3 of FIPPA).
- Acceptance of investments by any natural or legal non Iranian or Iranian person utilizing capital of foreign origin and granting the facilities envisaged in FIPPA to them (Article 1 of FIPPA).
- The foreign investor must choose an audit institute out of the audit institutes recognized by the Association of the Official Auditors of Iran to substantiate their financial and annual reports (Articles 1, 22-23 of the bylaws).

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By: Hassan Hosseini

Phd in Finance
Investment&Finance Advisor for Real Estate

Asset finance is a type of business funding that enables you to access an asset for your business by paying for it in instalments – or leasing it – over a set period of time. You name it, there's probably an asset finance product for it; from vehicles and machinery to kitchen equipment, office furniture, IT equipment, and more.

It’s important not to confuse asset finance with asset refinance. While the former lets you buy or rent an asset without the large upfront capital expenditure, asset refinance enables you to release the cash value of an asset you own. In other words, the asset is transferred to the lender as collateral in return for a business loan.

Types of asset finance
As a business owner, you might decide to use asset finance if you can’t afford to buy business critical equipment upfront. You may also use it if you would rather make smaller payments over an agreed period than a large upfront expenditure. As with many types of business finance, fees and interest payments apply.

Here are the five main types of asset finance:

1. Hire Purchase
If you want to own the equipment or machinery when you come to the end of the term, hire purchase could be the asset finance type for you. Once you’ve met the repayments the asset is yours to keep.

It’s likely that the asset will be a positive item on your balance sheet from the start of the term, but bear in mind that the finance provider will own it until you’ve paid it off.

You’re responsible for maintaining the asset and you can’t sell it until the term has ended, or – if the finance agreement allows – you’ve settled the contract early.

2. Hire purchase with Balloon Payment (Business Contract Purchase)
There is a type of hire purchase where the monthly payments are reduced so they only cover the interest on the loan. The final (or ‘balloon’) payment is used to repay the loan. Although the monthly repayments are lower, the total cost is higher.

3. Finance Lease
If you opt for a finance lease the finance provider will purchase the asset and rent it to you. You’ll make monthly repayments until you’ve covered the cost of the asset (plus the interest). You’ll also be responsible for insurance and maintenance.

You’ve got three options at the end of the term:

Carry on renting the asset

Return the asset

Sell the asset on behalf of the finance provider

4. Operating Lease
If you need an asset for a specific period of time, an operating lease might be the most suitable form of asset finance to explore. You can take out an operating lease on equipment for a set duration – and even upgrade to a newer model within the rental period, depending on the agreement.

Unlike a finance lease, the finance provider is responsible for the asset’s maintenance throughout the finance agreement.

5. Contract Hire
Do you rely on fleets? Contract hire is used for leasing vehicles. Acquiring and maintaining fleets can be very time-consuming; with contract hire, the provider sources and maintains the vehicles. You make payments over a set lease term.

Asset finance advantages and disadvantages
Asset finance can make it easier for you to access high value items that you otherwise wouldn’t be able to pay for. It’s also a way to avoid locking your capital away in a big purchase (that could depreciate down the line).

Asset finance makes it easier to raise funds than with a traditional business loan.

By allowing you to avoid large and burdensome upfront payments and (depending on the type you choose) ownership costs like maintenance, you can achieve better cash flow in your business. However, as with any type of finance, there are advantages and potential disadvantages to consider before making a decision.

If you don’t adhere to the agreement you’ve made with the lender, they could repossess the equipment or machinery, leaving you unable to meet customer demand.

Asset finance potential advantages
Small or no upfront costs

Faster access to business assets

The value of the asset is spread over the term

The asset acts as collateral for the finance

Maintenance is often – but not always – handled by the provider

Maintain control over working capital

Freed up capital can be used to fund other business activities

Fixed interest rates and monthly repayments aid cash flow management

Access to new and efficient assets can give you a competitive edge

Asset finance potential disadvantages
You may never own the asset

The asset will be repossessed if you don’t meet the repayments

The minimum term is usually one year or more

You may be liable for damage

There could be a limit on the usage, e.g. mileage for vehicles

Applying for asset finance
Asset finance gives your business a cash injection to buy assets without putting cash flow at risk. At Funding Options, we provide SMEs access to the most extensive range of business finance on the market, including a variety of asset finance options.

We can match you with the best asset finance solutions for your needs. We’ll guide you through the application process and make sure you get the best deal. Whether you’re looking for asset backed finance to ease cash flow or a lease option to hire equipment for your growing business, start your funding journey with us today.

By:

Phd in Finance
Investment&Finance Advisor for Real Estate

Working capital finance is business finance designed to boost the working capital available to a business. It's often used for specific growth projects, such as taking on a bigger contract or investing in a new market.

Different businesses use working capital finance for a variety of purposes, but the general idea is that using working capital finance frees up cash for growing the business which will be recouped in the short- to medium-term.

There are many different types of lending that could be considered working capital finance. Some are explicitly designed to help working capital (whatever industry you’re in), while others are useful for specific sectors or requirements.

How to raise working capital finance
Working capital is the amount of cash a business can safely spend. It’s commonly defined as current assets minus current liabilities. Usually working capital is calculated based on cash, assets that can quickly be converted to cash (such as invoices from debtors), and expenses that will be due within a year.

What is the formula for working capital?
For example, if a business has £5,000 in the bank, a customer that owes them £4,000, an invoice from a supplier payable for £2,000, and a VAT bill worth £4,000, its working capital would be £3,000 = (5,000 + 4,000) - (2,000 + 4,000).

Liquid cash
Working capital is seen as ‘working’ because the business can use it — in other words, it’s not tied up in anything long-term. Whether you want to buy stock, invest in the business, or take on a big contract, all of these activities require working capital — cash that’s quickly accessible.

On the other hand, if your business is profitable but has big bills to pay soon, your working capital situation could be worse than it might seem — or could even be negative.

How is working capital financed?
Here are some of the more common types of working capital finance.

How is working capital efficiency calculated?
Working capital efficiency is determined using the working capital ratio. This is a business’ current assets divided by its current liabilities. It informs investors and others as to whether the company has the current means to meet its short-term obligations.

What is a good working capital?
Typically, a working capital ratio between 1.2 and 2.0 is considered satisfactory. A working capital ratio of below 1 suggests potential cash problems.

What happens if working capital is too high?
Higher doesn’t always mean better. For instance, a very high working capital ratio could indicate that a business isn’t investing its surplus capital into its growth, but is instead missing opportunities by letting its cash and assets lay dormant.

Do you want high or low working capital?
Companies should always aim for healthy working capital. A business’ working capital can fluctuate - for instance, it may experience seasonal peaks and dips.

What kinds of businesses require the most working capital?
One company might require more working capital than another because expenses and business needs vary from one industry to another. Take a retail business for instance. It may need a lot of available cash to purchase inventory. A tech company, on the other hand, might not - especially if it operates remotely.

How do you control working capital?
To help maintain a healthy flow of working capital, businesses can manage inventory effectively, always pay suppliers on time, pay debts on time, fine tune the accounts receivables process and, if needed, consider financing options.

There are many types of working capital financing available, and choosing the right product depends on your sector and circumstances, as well as what you're trying to achieve. To find out more about working capital financing, browse the related articles below or get in touch.

Thanks to high human capital, high population (80 million ) natural resources, high technology of some companies in Iran and many other factors become Iran as hub for many businesses.
Now many companies like Nestle, Carrefour(which is known hyperstar ),Jancbo(Turkish brand )and many other international companies who invest in Iran ,enjoy this market.
After removal of sanctions many big missions enter to Iran just assess the situation.
If you want to do business in Iran, there is some red tape but you will enjoy this market.
You are considering investing in a large country with 80 million people and a relatively prosperous GDP per capita of almost $20,000.
It had democratic elections this year where the reformists won again on a mandate to increase trade with the rest of the world in contrast to the populism seen in many developed countries. Its capital city is full of history yet cosmopolitan, and tourism has picked up recently.
Yet foreign investment, particularly from the western world, is much lower than what you would expect in a country with such a large domestic market.
That country is Iran. Is it time for contrarians to get in? An article published by Frontera News seeks to answer the question. It delivers business news, investment research and political risk analysis on the world’s frontier and emerging markets.
 High Chances of Success
One of the main reasons investors take interest in frontier markets is to get in at the beginning of the economic cycle in the hopes of making outsized returns, as the economy enters a rapid growth phase.
Iran is an interesting case where its GDP per capita is relatively high, but where there are a lot of severely underdeveloped industries due to almost 40 years of sanctions. Tourism is a very low hanging fruit, as is any trade with western companies.
Bolstering chances of success are a large population (18th in the world) that is highly educated with a literacy rate above 95%. The population is also relatively young, with about half the population under the age of 30. Both these factors have contributed to a burgeoning startup and tech scene in Iran.
When you compare the potential of Iran to other countries that have been held back due to sanctions–Cuba, the DRC, North Korea, or Sudan–the contrast is extreme in terms of how well Iran has done relatively.
The case of Myanmar, a country that is booming now with the removal of sanctions and embrace of the western world, is a hopeful case for Iran, and Iran is way ahead of where Myanmar was when sanctions ended.


World business Year help you to find best partner for your business and find investment opportunities that makes your business profitable and everlasting.
Our team encompassed best consultant, lawyer, financial engineer, marketer and many other expertises.
Please visit our website:

http://www.worldbusinessyear.com


If you have any question, please do not hesitate to contact us :
This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
 

Clear business model
At minimum, we need to see a working product with clear demand in the market, possibly with referenceable users and a clear path to revenues plus a clear customer acquisition plan. At best, you are generating early revenues and are executing on a clear and affordable customer acquisition strategy. We love SaaS and other subscription models.  We are less keen on models that require huge volumes of customers as they tend to be hard & expensive to acquire.
World-class CEO & team

    Complementary leadership team
    Relevant past experience
    Consistently successful
    Data-driven
    Hires great people & delegates to them effectively
    “Lean”
    Listens and speaks clearly
    Really knows the customer and understands the problem

Huge market
We want yours to become a global business and are looking for exits >£100m. If your market is >£0.5B in the UK & you have typically high software margins, this suggests a large enough global market to grow into a great sized business for Episode 1, but we use that number only as a rule of thumb.
What we are NOT looking for

    A founding team of individuals who have over-lapping skills and little experience in their market
    A CEO who has found a gap in the market, but there is no market in the gap – a lifestyle business
    A product with no business model and no prospect of sales traction in the very near future (we know that means we would not have invested in Facebook and Twitter or Pintrest, but hey, every VC needs its anti-portfolio)
    A business in a fiercely competitive market with little differentiation

Resources & Advice
What to present

    Something that can easily demonstrate what the product does, why it’s different and important (and who you compete with), how big the addressable market is (and how you worked that out), what your financial forecasts are, what your sales pipeline is, why your team is awesome, what you’re raising at what expected valuation and what you’re going to use it for
    Usually this ends up being a 10-20 slide PowerPoint deck, but we don’t care what it is, as long as it works, but we care that there’s something to structure the meeting beyond just your voice.  Not 45 pages of A4.

How to present

    Tell us what you plan to present and ask us if there’s anything else we’d like to hear (when we read the business plan ahead of the meeting, questions can come up that require extra attention)
    Run through your presentation slowly and keep an eye on us sending signals we’d like to ask a question – it’s a dialogue, not a monologue
    If you bring team members, bring them for a reason – let them present relevant material, or at least answer relevant questions
    Get through your material in 30-40 minutes so we can chat and question for 20-30 minutes
    It’s not complicated and it shouldn’t be nerve-wracking – it’s just a dialogue between 2 parties who want to find a way to help each other

How to prepare

    The best thing you can do is to meet us early, before you need investment, but once you have an alpha that you are testing and a pretty clear idea of what your business model will be.  We have set up our Open Office for just these kinds of meetings.  We like to meet you early so we can track your actual progress against what you promise you will achieve.  This makes our decision making better and faster when the time comes for you to raise money from us
    It’s also very useful to practice your pitch with your existing investors before coming to us.  They know the business well, are likely to be investors in many other startups and so will know what we, as a VC, will want to hear and, as your parents told you, practice makes perfect

Term Sheet
We pride ourselves on being open with entrepreneurs - we have nothing to hide and prefer to be transparent in all our interactions.  As part of this transparency we think it would be helpful for you to see our Term Sheet.  This is the Term Sheet every one of our entrepreneurs receives, with no “funnies” added.  It is based on the Seed Summit standard term sheet with a few changes to make it more entrepreneur friendly.  For example we removed the equalization of terms clause because we don’t think it’s great for entrepreneurs.  Our term sheet is also more entrepreneur friendly in terms of the founder vesting. Our standard says that 28% of your shares are vested on the date of investment and 2% per month then vests over 3 years instead of straight line vesting of 0 up front and 1/36 per month for 3 years in the SeedSummit term sheet. We hope you find it useful to read and look forward to discussing it with you should the opportunity arise.

Farhad Emam
Legal Consultant and International Trade Law Researcher

A Brief Analysis of Private and Public Entities in Iran

A main question during the due diligence process in Iran is about the legal qualification of the local counterpart or partner. The Iranian entity that is interested in dealing with a foreign company is either a company, or an organization, or a “prilic” entity as explained below. Foreign companies normally ask a basic and apparently simple question from their Iranian counterparts: Are you a public or a private entity? What are the best ways of evaluation and verification of the responses to be received from the Iranian entity? It all depends on the legal qualification of the Iranian entity as well as the control that is exerted on it by its real owners.

I. Companies

a. Public companies: In these companies, either more than 50% of the equity belongs to government, or it is a chartered company or it is nationalized or expropriated under law or by a court order.

b. Private companies controlled by government, governmental organizations or public companies: Controlling equity, as defined by Article 1(7) of the Act on Execution of General Policies of Article 44 of the Constitution (the Act), means the percentage of equity that enables its owner to select the majority of members of the board of directors. Article 1(18) of the Act gives a wider meaning to the concept of control by defining a controlling company as an entity that through ownership of all or part of the shares or equity or through management of a company, or through other ways, controls economic activities of other entities in the market.

c. Cooperatives: Under Article 44 of the Constitution, cooperatives are neither private nor public entities. However, shares of a cooperative company may be purchased by public entities up to 49% in less developed regions and up to 20% in other regions of Iran under Article 12(3) of the Act Amending Articles of the Four Development Plan. As a result, a cooperative company can get very close to becoming a public company.

II. Organization (moas’seseh)

Public non-governmental organizations are defined under Article 5 of the Public Audit Act (1987) as entities established under law to carry out public functions or to render public services. The Act Listing Public Non-Governmental Organizations and Entities (1994) must be consulted before entering into an agreement with the entities listed in the above Act. The most famous among them are four foundations: a) Mostazafa’an and Janbaza’an Foundation; b) Martyrs Foundation; c) Housing Foundation; and d) 15 Khordad Foundation. Note 2 of the Act states that provisions of the Act shall apply to the public non-governmental organizations that are under supervision of the spiritual leader only where it is authorized by him.

III. Prilic (khosoolati) entities

In some instances, it becomes really difficult to determine whether an entity is public or private. The reason behind this difficulty is that through a combination of complex equity purchase operations, privatization and management control, certain Iranian entities are standing somewhere between public and private ends of the existing spectrum. The term used in Persian language (khosoolati) is a combination of public (dowlati) and private (khosoosi). As a result, the term used in this text, i.e. “prilic” is a combination of private and public. Prilic entities are created to benefit from advantages of both public and private companies. As a result, special rules apply to their establishment, as well as start and termination of their operations. They will be explained in a separate post.

Law in Iran Group
A. Structure
Law in Iran Group is an international legal network composed of lawyers and experts from 12 different countries including Iranwho have come together to provide legal information and services to the clients who are interested in doing business in or with Iran.
B. Scope of services
Law in Iran Group provides its clients with legal information and services related to oil and gas, foreign investment, technology transfer, intellectual property, transport, banking and finance, tax, labour and employment, legal structures and population movement (including immigration, as well as work and study abroad). Asubsidiary group called “STUDCARAN” is established for sharing information and rendering services related to study, work and stay in Canada.
C. How to contact us
Two websites, two channels and groups on Telegram and one group on Linkedin provide you with information about the above subjects and enable you to avail yourself of the services provided by "Law in Iran" and STUDCARAN groups:
1. http://lawiniran.com/;
2. http://studcaran.com/;

Untapped market + Population + Political Stability among Middle East Countries = Profitability

If you are looking for a dynamic and prosperous country in which to invest, innovate, grow or expand your business on the world stage, Think Iran !

Iran welcomes foreign business investments and offers many competitive advantages:

A welcoming business environment

Iran is the best country among Middle East countries to  do business.

A strong growth record

Unparalleled market access

A highly educated workforce

Iran ’s workforce is the most highly educated among Middle East countries

Low business tax costs

Total business tax costs in Iran are by far the lowest in the Middle East countries

Political  Stability

A great place to invest, work, and live

Iran  is one of the most multicultural countries in the world, with world-class universities, a universal health care system and clean and friendly cities.

If you do not persuade, Please consider attached file In-depth Analysis to Iran.

Investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners have become an increasingly attractive proposition, as the country undergoes a transformative shift towards diversification from its traditional oil-based economy. Saudi Arabia, boasting the largest economy in the Middle East, holds many lucrative investment opportunities for foreign investors.

In this blog post, we delve into these opportunities and explain why investing in Saudi Arabia could be a smart move.

Brief Overview of Saudi Arabian Economy
The Saudi Arabian economy, known for its rich oil reserves, is on a journey of economic diversification under its Vision 2030 initiative. This strategic framework aims to reduce Saudi Arabia’s dependence on oil and diversify its economy, thereby creating more investment opportunities for foreigners.

Investment Climate for Foreigners in Saudi Arabia
Investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners have become more straightforward over the years, thanks to government initiatives aimed at attracting foreign direct investment. The government’s active promotion of non-oil sectors provides a plethora of opportunities for investors willing to venture into Saudi Arabia.

Why Invest in Saudi Arabia?

Foreigners are turning to investments in Saudi Arabia for several reasons: the country’s strategic geographic location, its booming population, the shift towards non-oil sectors, and the government’s investor-friendly policies. However, before we discuss the best investment opportunities, let’s familiarize ourselves with the investment landscape in Saudi Arabia.

Understanding the Investment Landscape in Saudi Arabia
Investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners necessitate a solid understanding of the country’s unique investment landscape. Understanding the legal framework, cultural norms, and specific sectors open to foreign investment can ease the process significantly.

Legal Framework for Foreign Investment
The legal landscape governing investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners has become more open and accommodating in recent years. The Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority (SAGIA) has simplified procedures, reduced the requirements for licenses, and has been more welcoming to foreign investors.

Cultural Considerations for Investing
Cultural aspects can impact investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners. As a country with deep-rooted traditions and norms, understanding the Saudi Arabian business etiquette and culture can enhance investor relations and smoothen business transactions.

Economic Sectors Open for Foreign Investment
Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 has opened numerous non-oil sectors for investment. From tourism to technology, renewable energy to real estate, several sectors provide fruitful investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners.

investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners 6
Top 8 Investments in Saudi Arabia for Foreigners
Now, let’s delve into the top 8 investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners. These sectors provide immense potential and are leading the economic diversification drive in the country.

Real Estate
Investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners often start with the real estate sector. Offering steady income and appreciating value, Saudi Arabia’s property market is thriving and diverse, presenting various opportunities for foreign investors.

Residential Properties
Foreign investors can purchase residential properties in specific regions of Saudi Arabia. Investors can earn profits through rental income or reselling the property once it appreciates in value.

Commercial Properties
Commercial property investments, from office spaces to retail stores, provide another lucrative investment avenue. The demand for commercial properties is high, primarily due to Saudi Arabia’s increasing economic diversification.

Stock Market – Tadawul
Foreign investments in Saudi Arabia’s stock market, the Tadawul, have seen a significant increase in recent years. The Tadawul is the largest stock market in the Middle East, making it an attractive destination for foreign investors.

Key Companies to Consider
Saudi Arabia boasts several high-performing companies that foreigners can consider for investment. These companies span various sectors, providing ample opportunities for diversification.

ETFs and Mutual Funds
Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) and Mutual Funds offer a simple way for foreigners to invest in the Saudi Stock Market. They provide diversification, reducing the risk associated with investing in individual stocks.

Oil and Gas Sector
Historically the bedrock of the economy, oil and gas remain attractive areas for investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners. While the country is diversifying, this sector still offers high returns and stability for investors.

Direct Investment Opportunities
Direct investment in oil and gas can involve participating in joint ventures or purchasing a stake in existing projects. It’s a more involved form of investment but can lead to significant returns.

Oil and Gas Stocks
Investing in stocks of Saudi Arabian oil and gas companies is another avenue. Companies like Saudi Aramco offer foreigners an opportunity to benefit from the lucrative oil and gas industry.

Renewable Energy Projects
With a focus on sustainability and reducing dependence on oil, renewable energy is emerging as a promising sector for investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners.

investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners 5
Solar Energy Investments
Saudi Arabia’s geographical location and climate conditions make it a prime destination for solar energy projects. Foreign investors can consider investing in solar farms or companies specializing in solar technology.

Wind Energy Investments
Wind energy is another renewable sector that Saudi Arabia is focusing on. The country’s first wind farm started operations in 2020, and there’s plenty of scope for further growth and investment in this sector.

Tourism and Hospitality
The Vision 2030 initiative has paved the way for investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners in the tourism and hospitality sector. The country’s ambitious plans to welcome more tourists offer unique investment opportunities.

Hotels and Resorts
The surge in tourism, bolstered by initiatives like the “Visit Saudi” campaign, has increased demand for accommodations. Investing in hotels, resorts, or related enterprises can prove lucrative for foreign investors.

Theme Parks and Entertainment
Saudi Arabia is investing heavily in entertainment infrastructure. As a foreign investor, opportunities abound in theme parks, entertainment complexes, and cultural events.

Technology and Startups
The tech sector is booming in Saudi Arabia. The government’s commitment to becoming a technological leader in the region means this sector is ripe for investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners.

investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners 3
Tech Startups
Saudi Arabia has a rapidly growing startup ecosystem. Foreign investors can tap into this potential by investing in promising startups or venture capital funds that focus on this sector.

Fintech Companies
Financial technology (Fintech) is a subsector of the tech industry that’s witnessing rapid growth in Saudi Arabia. Investing in Fintech companies, particularly those offering unique solutions for the Middle Eastern market, can offer significant returns.

Agriculture and Food Production
Saudi Arabia’s efforts to achieve food security have made agriculture and food production notable sectors for investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners.

Agribusiness
Investing in agribusiness can encompass a broad range of activities, from crop production to farm machinery. Innovative farming methods like hydroponics and vertical farming also present unique opportunities.

Aquaculture
With its long coastline, Saudi Arabia has significant potential for aquaculture. The government’s support for sustainable fishing practices and seafood production provides further incentives for foreign investors.

Healthcare Sector
The healthcare sector in Saudi Arabia is experiencing rapid growth due to population increases and a greater focus on healthcare services. This sector presents multiple avenues for investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners.

Pharmaceuticals and Medical Equipment
Saudi Arabia imports most of its pharmaceuticals and medical equipment, making this a lucrative investment area. Foreign investors can consider investing in companies in these sectors or consider starting their own.

Private Hospitals and Clinics
The demand for high-quality private healthcare is rising in Saudi Arabia. Investments in private hospitals and clinics, or even specialized healthcare services, can prove to be profitable ventures.

investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners 1
Risks and Challengess of Investing in Saudi Arabia
While investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners can be lucrative, potential investors must recognize and understand the inherent risks and challenges. By identifying these obstacles early on, they can devise strategies for risk mitigation and make more informed decisions.

Economic Risks
Economic risks represent a significant challenge in investments, including those in Saudi Arabia. Investors must stay abreast of several fluctuating factors that can impact their returns.

Impact of Global Oil Price Fluctuations
The Saudi Arabian economy is heavily influenced by the global oil market. Therefore, investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners are not immune to the ups and downs of global oil prices. Dramatic changes in oil prices can affect the profitability of certain investments, especially those closely tied to the oil and gas sector.

Economic Instability Risks
Although Saudi Arabia has a relatively stable economy, it isn’t entirely immune to economic shocks and instabilities. As an investor, one must consider the potential for economic downturns and how they could impact investments.

Unforeseen Events: Pandemics and More
The recent global pandemic has shown that unforeseen events can significantly disrupt economic activities. Investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners, like those in any other region, can be affected by such global disruptions.

Political Risks
Political risks play a critical role in shaping the landscape of investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners. Political decisions, changes in laws, and shifts in diplomatic relations can pose potential risks to foreign investments.

Impact of Changes in Laws
Laws can change rapidly in any country, and Saudi Arabia is no exception. Changes in investment laws, tax regulations, or sector-specific rules can have a direct impact on existing and future investments.

Diplomatic Relations and Their Effects
Saudi Arabia’s diplomatic relations can also affect investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners. Changes in relations with other countries can influence trade agreements, which can, in turn, affect the profitability and feasibility of certain investments.

Legal and Regulatory Risks
While the Saudi Arabian government has made concerted efforts to ease regulations and attract foreign investors, some legal and regulatory risks still need attention. These can pose challenges for investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners.

Sector-Specific Foreign Ownership Restrictions
While Saudi Arabia has opened many sectors to foreign investors, some still have restrictions on foreign ownership. As a potential investor, you must understand these limitations and consider how they might limit your investment opportunities.

Understanding and Adhering to Regulations
Navigating the legal and regulatory landscape can be complex. Misunderstanding or failing to comply with these regulations can pose significant risks to investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners.

Steps to Get Started with Investments in Saudi Arabia
If you’re excited about making investments in Saudi Arabia as a foreigner, there are several essential steps to follow. These measures will provide a roadmap for your investment journey, making the process more manageable and increasing your chances of success.

Partnering with Local Businesses
One of the most effective strategies for investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners involves partnering with local businesses. By leveraging their expertise and deep understanding of the local market, you can significantly ease your investment journey.

Understanding the Local Business Landscape
The first step towards partnering with a local business is understanding the Saudi Arabian business landscape. This includes knowledge of the key industries, prominent players, and market trends.

Choosing the Right Local Partner
Choosing the right local partner is crucial to the success of your investments in Saudi Arabia as a foreigner. This involves evaluating potential partners based on their business track record, credibility, and their understanding of the local market.

Legal Requirements for Foreign Investors
Before you proceed with investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners, understanding the legal requirements is a must. The Saudi Arabian government has made significant strides in making the investment process more transparent and straightforward, but there are still legalities to consider.

Obtaining Necessary Permits and Licenses
The type of investment you plan to make will dictate the type of permits and licenses you require. For instance, if you’re investing in the real estate sector, you will need specific licenses from the Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority (SAGIA).

Registration Processes
To legally operate in Saudi Arabia, foreign investors must register their business with the appropriate authorities. The Ministry of Commerce and Investment (MCI) handles most of the registration processes for investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners.

Best Practices for Investment Success
To increase your chances of investment success in Saudi Arabia, it’s advisable to follow certain best practices. These practices can guide your investment decisions and improve your investment outcomes.

Conducting Thorough Market Research
Comprehensive market research forms the foundation of successful investments in Saudi Arabia for foreigners. It includes understanding market dynamics, customer behaviors, and the competitive landscape.

Understanding Cultural Nuances
Saudi Arabia’s rich cultural heritage can influence business practices. Hence, understanding these cultural nuances can lead to more effective communication and business relationships.

Getting Legal and Financial Advice
Investing in a foreign country can be complex, and getting expert legal and financial advice can be invaluable. They can help navigate through regulatory complexities and provide insights on how to structure your investments optimally.

By following these steps and practices, you will be well on your way to making successful investments in Saudi Arabia as a foreigner. As always, due diligence, patience, and a clear understanding of your investment goals are key to your success.

Iran is untapped market for many  business.
 In all over the world there are huge gap between supply and demand .but in Iran you will see different story. There is huge demand in Iran for professional services,best quality products .That is why now many international companies like Nestle, Henkle ,Aujan,Hyperstar .We believe that there are   red tap in Iran that makes you tired .but at the end Investor or businessman reach  success. Why?
Because return of investment in Iran is very high in comparison other countries.
Worldbusinessyear team working closely with Investors, business community to pave the way business and investment opportunities for them.
If you have any questions please send us your questions to us:
This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

World Business Year International with representative in more than 30 countries, are pleased to inform you that we prepare data on real, monetary, budget, and balance of payments sectors mostly at annual intervals.

The relevant data are drawn by competent statistics-releasing organizations and institutions in Iran, in addition to the Economics Statistics Department and other departments of the CBI. Upon selecting the required item, a summarized description on every single variable is available in the same window. Find available on every window the starting year, time interval and data sources (in case of diversity) . Upon clicking on each variable, sub-titles appear to be observed on both Excel and HTML.

http:// tsd.cbi.ir/DisplayEn/Search.aspx

The Economic and Financial Databank of Iran contains sets of time series from a variety of International, national and provincial sources. The data are gathering from a variety of national and international sources, to improve transparency and provide policy-makers, researchers and investors with up-to-date information. You can query and see the data in different ranges and frequencies, from annual down to daily, and download the tables as Excel files for different analytical purposes.

https://databank.mefa.ir/IPDA_DashBoard/EconoDashBoard.aspx?lang=en

http://data.worldbank.org/country/iran-islamic-rep

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2440&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies+%2f+Middle+East%2c+North+Africa%2c+Afghanistan%2c+and+Pakistan

http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/163.htm
http://rc.majlis.ir/en

http://store.bmiresearch.com/iran
https://www.amar.org.ir/english

Nairobi Kenya
17-21 July 2016
Define the development investment agenda

The 2016 Forum will be the opportunity to engage with Ministerial officials responsible for trade, investment and industry from 194 countries and over 200 international investment promotion agencies. Over 20 Heads of State and Government are expected to participate, alongside CEOs of large global companies, stock exchanges, sovereign wealth funds and private equity firms, as well as civil society and academia.

With its ties to United Nations Member States, the Forum provides a unique platform to facilitate the private sector's role in contributing to sustainable development. Past editions brought together over 3,000 participants from 145 countries across the world.

The World Investment Forum 2016 gives you the opportunity to:

    Engage with the investment stakeholders to help shape an effective, inclusive and fair agenda for change
    Create strategic partnerships and expand your network
    Learn how you can be part of a global "New Deal"
    Discover what the changing development agenda means for your business

Click here to read more about the World Investment Forum 2016.

There are no fees, but registration is required.
 
The 2016 Forum is an integral part of UNCTAD14, the fourteenth session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. The theme of this edition of the conference will be "From Decision to Actions," delivering on the implementation of the Global Goals for sustainable development.

For more information on UNCTAD14 click here.

Nairobi Kenya
17-21 July 2020
Define the development investment agenda

The 2016 Forum will be the opportunity to engage with Ministerial officials responsible for trade, investment and industry from 194 countries and over 200 international investment promotion agencies. Over 20 Heads of State and Government are expected to participate, alongside CEOs of large global companies, stock exchanges, sovereign wealth funds and private equity firms, as well as civil society and academia.

With its ties to United Nations Member States, the Forum provides a unique platform to facilitate the private sector's role in contributing to sustainable development. Past editions brought together over 3,000 participants from 145 countries across the world.

The World Investment Forum 2020gives you the opportunity to:

    Engage with the investment stakeholders to help shape an effective, inclusive and fair agenda for change
    Create strategic partnerships and expand your network
    Learn how you can be part of a global "New Deal"
    Discover what the changing development agenda means for your business

Click here to read more about the World Investment Forum 2020.

There are no fees, but registration is required.
 
The 2016 Forum is an integral part of UNCTAD14, the fourteenth session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. The theme of this edition of the conference will be "From Decision to Actions," delivering on the implementation of the Global Goals for sustainable development.

For more information on UNCTAD14 click here.

Guidance
Q&A

General Information

Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act (FIPP)
Admission Regime
Foreign Capital
Foreign Exchange Transfers Tax & Customs Issue
Tax & Customs Issues
Tax and Customs Facilities and Exemptions

Other Facilities and Exemption

Miscellaneous
Contact Details
________________________________________
Foreword:
This is a compilation of the enquiries frequently asked by potential investors willing to invest in the Islamic Republic of Iran. We hope the answers provided herein, in addition to the policy issues, would assist parties, and provide them to have access to a package of comprehensive information in respect of the legal framework for admission of investments and the manner to obtain the relevant Investment License. You may find certain questions which do not necessarily have any direct relevance with Foreign Investment as a whole ,but in light of the need for preparing a multipurpose source of information, we have tried to compile a variety of likely inquiries to respond to any question relating to doing business in Iran.
Obviously , those investors who may need more detailed information on any subject , are recommended to refer to other WORLDBUSINESSYEAR EXPERT  publications and guides;or if they wishthey may communicate directly or have meetings with the WORLDBUSINESSYEAR EXPERT  staff who are in a position to welcome them by providing answers to any other question which is not addressed in this guide as well .
Readers are kindly recommended to refer to the table of content before searching the answers to their questions in each chapter
________________________________________
.

Guidance
 Under provisions of Iran's Foreign Investment Promotion & Protection Act (FIPPA),foreign investors investing within the framework of contractual arrangements such as buy-back shall also have the right to make transfers abroad by using the mechanism of purchasing foreign exchange from the banking system of Iran.  In consideration of their specific nature of investment and as stipulated in the Note of Article (23) of the Implementing Regulations of FIPPA, these investors also have the privilege to make the transfers through export of goods, without giving up the right to purchase foreign exchange from the banking system.
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Q&A
Chapter one
General information
1.Is Foreign Investment permitted in Iran?
Foreign investment is permitted in accordance with the prevailing laws and regulations of the Country. All foreign investors are permitted to invest, for the purpose of development and producing activities, in all areas of industry, mining, agriculture and services. However, from the standpoint of the Iranian government, only those investments shall be eligible to enjoy the privileges and protections under the Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act (FIPPA) that have obtained the required license under the FIPPA.
2.What objectives are to be achieved by foreign investment?
The main objectives are:
• Enhancing economic growth;
• Increasing employment opportunities;
• Access to and development of new technologies and managerial skills;
• Upgrading quality of products and boosting export capabilities.
3.Under what legal or contractual framework, foreign investment may be admitted in Iran?
Foreign investment in Iran is admitted under all forms of legal participation (Foreign Direct Investment) and/or contractual arrangements. By contractual arrangements we mean all forms of project financing methods within the framework of civil participation, buy back arrangements, and different types of Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) schemes.
4.How do you define foreign investment?
Foreign investment is defined as employment of capital in an activity in which a level of risk involved.FIPPA classified foreign investment under two broad categories :
a) Legal participation (direct investment): is defined as a direct involvement of a foreign investor in the equity capital of a new or existing Iranian company. There is no restriction on the level of shareholding as well as percentage of shares belonging to foreign investors in Iranian companies. The right of foreign investor to run and control a company emanates from and is dependent upon his direct contribution in the equity capital of the concerned company.
b) Contractual arrangements: is defined as a set of mechanisms under which the utilization of foreign capital is solely based on agreements reached by the parties to a contract. In other words, the rights of the foreign investor is not yielded with his direct participation in the capital of the recipient Iranian firm, but through the arrangements agreed upon under a contract. This type of investment may be carried out in all sectors of economy. Under contractual arrangements, the return of capital and accrued profits have to be sourced only out of the economic performance of the project in which the investment is made without being dependent upon a repayment guarantee by the government, by the banking system as well as state owned companies.
5.In what sectors foreign direct investment is permissible?
Foreign direct investment is permissible in all areas open to Iranian private sector.
6.In what sectors foreign investment under contractual arrangement is permissible?
Foreign investment under contractual arrangement is permissible in all sectors of economy. However, foreign investment in sectors reserved for the Government may only be carried out under contractual arrangements.
7.What legal structure do you recommend for foreign investment?
There are seven types of juridical entity or company which can be established under the Iranian Commercial Code. From among all these different types, Joint Stock Company, in which the capital is divided by shares, is the most common and acceptable type of company which can be recommended to foreign investors (For further information please refer to "Establishing a Joint Stock Company in Iran" published by OEITAI).
8.Is it obligatory to have local partner(s)?
Of course not. It is by no means obligatory to have local partner, but in most cases foreign investors themselves are willing to take advantage from their local partners for the reason that they are more familiar with the business environment, regulatory and administrative requirements and opportunities locally available.
9.Is there a ceiling for foreign investment in Iran?
There is no minimum and maximum for foreign investment in respect of percentage of shareholding, nor is any restriction on the amount of investment for foreign investment in Iran.
10.If there is no restriction imposed in Iran, then what message a prospective foreign investor should get from the ratios of 25% and 35% referred to in Para (d) of Article (2) of FIPPA?
The ratios referred to in the said Para have nothing to do with the shareholding percentage of foreign investors in a single investment case. As formerly explained, no restriction with respect to the ceiling of foreign participation is imposed in Iranian companies. In fact, these ratios illustrate the proportion given to the value of goods and services produced by foreign investment in the global economy in each sector and subsector respectively, verified at the time of issuance of the foreign investment license (i.e., value of foreign products in GDP).
11.Is foreign investment permissible in oil and gas upstream activities?
Foreign investment in oil and gas upstream activities within the framework of contractual arrangements is permissible, but Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in such areas is not permitted.
12.Is it permissible to use foreign trade marks and names in foreign investments?
Application of trade marks and names is permissible in all areas of economic activity.
13.Is foreign investment allowed in companies quoted in the Stock Exchange Market?
There is no restriction for investment in companies quoted in the Stock Market. Foreign investment in these companies are eligible to enjoy the protections available under FIPPA, in the same manner as is available to foreign investment outside the Stock Market .
14.How do you define Special Economic Zones in Iran and in which areas of the Country these so-called zones have so far been established?
Special Economic Zones are restricted customs areas in which import of goods, machinery and equipments is not subject to the general import/export regulations. The zones may have been established for different reasons and objectives. Some of them are established for the purpose of warehousing whereas some, in addition to warehousing of goods, are designed for setting up processing and production line. At present the number of Special Economic Zones reaches to 17 (For more information please refer to website www.freezones.ir) .
15.Is there any difference between investments made in Free Trade Industrial Zones, Special Economic Zone and the mainland?
Investment in Free Zones is subject to especial regulations governing such investments. Iranian Free Zones at present comprise six areas by the name of Gheshm, Kish, Chahbahar, Arwand, Aras and Bandar Anzali. Areas known as Special Economic Zones are part of the mainland in which all investments are considered to be investments in the mainland. Taking into consideration the applicability of Foreign Investment Law to the territory of the Islamic Republic of Iran, all foreign investments realized in Free Trade and Industrial Zones may also enjoy the privileges of FIPPA, provided that the relevant formalities for obtaining the investment license have been followed .
16.What is meant by the terms Iranian Company and Foreign Company, from the standpoint of Iranian laws and regulations?
The term Iranian Company refers to a company incorporated and registered in Iran according to Iranian Commercial Code, even if a hundred percent of its shares or stocks belong to foreign natural or juridical persons. The term Foreign Company refers to a company incorporated and registered outside Iran.
17.Is it possible for foreign companies to establish legal bases in the form of branches or representative offices in Iran?
Of course yes. Any foreign company, for the purpose of expanding its commercial activities, performing its contractual obligations, carrying out marketing activities, etc. may establish a legal permanent base in the form of branch or representative office in Iran. For establishing a branch or representative office certain procedure should be followed under the Law for Establishing Branches and Representative Offices. For this purpose the applicants are advised to refer to the General Directorate for Registration of Companies and Industrial Property.
18.Is the establishment of branch or representative offices considered as foreign investment?
Establishing a branch or representative office is not considered as foreign investment. In fact, foreign investment can be realized by way of establishing a new Iranian company, participation in an existing Iranian company and/or entering into contractual arrangements with Iranian recipient entities.
19.What are the features of Industrial Estates and what facilities are available in those areas?
Industrial Estates are prefabricated Estates designed and constructed by the Industrial Estates Company of Iran, affiliated to the Ministry of Industry and Mines, readily available for investors in all industrial poles throughout the Country. Even in certain Estates, factories and industrial workshops are offered for purchase. The important feature of these estates is availability of infrastructural utilities such as water, power, gas, telephone and quick access to the main transportation network of the Country.
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Chapter Two
Foreign Investment Promotion And Protection Act
(FIPPA)
20.What law protects foreign investment in the Islamic Republic of Iran?
The law protecting foreign investment in Iran is the Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act ratified in 2002 which is hereinafter referred to as FIPPA. The scope of applicability of the FIPPA extends to the territory of the Islamic Republic of Iran under which all foreign investors may invest in the Country and enjoy the privileges available there under.
21.What is the role of the regulations governing investment in Free Zones?
Although foreign investment in Free Zones is governed by especial regulations, foreign investors may also invest in such zones under Foreign Investment Law and take advantage of its protections.
22.What is meant by the term protection under FIPPA?
The term protection refers to a series of certain rights and privileges which are extended to investors under FIPPA. In other words, investments carried out under any law other than FIPPA shall not be eligible to enjoy such rights.
23.What are those rights and privileges?
Fundamental rights recognized under FIPPA in favour of foreign investors are as follows:
- The right to transfer profits (dividends) as well as capital and gains on capital in foreign exchange;
- The right to receive compensation resulting from expropriation (deprivation of ownership) and nationalization of foreign capital;
- The right to receive compensation resulting from the passing of laws or Cabinet Decrees causing prohibition or interruption in the implementation of financial contracts of foreign investors;
- The right to enjoy equitable treatment accorded to domestic investors.
24.Are there any other facilities and privileges available to foreign investors?
Other facilities and privileges contemplated under FIPPA and its Implementing Regulations are as follows:
- Convertibility and transferability of the funds resulting from various investment and transfer of technology agreements;
- Possibility of submission of investment disputes to international tribunals;
- Recruitment of foreign technicians in affairs related to investment projects;
- Export of goods and services without any commitment to reintroduce export proceeds to the Country (i.e., no surrender commitment requirement) ;
- Direct access to and possibility of withdrawal of export proceeds out of Escrow accounts established in banks outside the Country;
- Inapplicability of price control, distribution as well as local content and manufacturing requirements.
25.What issues are specified in the investment license?
Many issues such as area of investment, Iranian and foreign shareholders, type and method of investment, volume and percentage of foreign investment, the manner for transfer of dividend and profit gained as well as other terms and conditions pertinent to a foreign investment project are to be specified in the investment license.
26.Who is qualified to invest in Iran?
All foreign natural and juridical persons, international organizations, institutions and companies as well as Iranian natural and juridical persons are qualified to invest in the Country in accordance with the provisions of FIPPA .
27.How investments by Iranian nationals can be covered under FIPPA?
Investments by Iranian nationals can enjoy privileges of FIPPA on the condition that their capital has been sourced from foreign origin and, further to that, the investor has submitted documentary evidence proving their economic and commercial activities outside the Country.
28. Is the validity of the investment license limited time wise?
Yes. Upon the notification of investment license, the foreign investor is required to bring an appropriate portion of his capital into the Country, within a period determined by the investment board on the basis of the peculiarities of the investment project; otherwise the investment license shall be null and void.
29.Is it possible to extend the validity, and how?
Yes, foreign investor may apply for the extension of the validity of the investment license, prior to expiration, by way of submission of justifiable reasons. The investment board will review the application and determine a new period for importation of capital, upon the approval of the application for extension.
30.Are foreign state-owned companies authorized to invest in Iran in accordance with FIPPA?
Foreign state-owned companies may invest in Iran in accordance with FIPPA, and enjoy privileges available under the law.
31.What are the sectors open to foreign investment in Iran under FIPPA?
Sectors open to foreign investment in Iran are vastly diversified and include all producing activities for the purpose of development in all areas of industry, mining, agriculture and services including tourism sector.
32.Does FIPPA consider pure commercial activities as foreign investment?
Indeed, pure commercial activities are not considered as foreign investment. However, should they be complementary to the producing activities in connection with an approved project, they can be taken into account as foreign investment.
33.What type of service activities are eligible to be covered under FIPPA?
Foreign investment in service sector including tourism is eligible to be covered under FIPPA.
34.Is the legal protection under FIPPA extended to foreign investments automatically?
Extension of legal protection to foreign investments is not an automatic phenomenon, but subject to obtaining the required investment license.
35.How and under what condition an investment already carried out but not covered under FIPPA can enjoy FIPPA’s coverage?
Investments already carried out but not covered under FIIPA may, upon application for obtaining an investment license and subject to creating added value, enjoy the protections available under FIPPA.
36. Is foreign investment permissible in existing firms? If yes how?
From the standpoint of FIPPA, there is no difference between investment in a greenfield project - a new company - and investment in an existing economic entity. All prospective foreign investors may at any time proceed for investment in a new (greenfield) project and/or an existing economic entity. However, admission of foreign investment in existing firms is subject to creation of new added value which may result from increase in investment, upgrading managerial skills, development of exports, and improvement of technology level in the same entity.
37.How foreign investment can take place in an existing Iranian company?
From the standpoint of admission regulations, such investments can be covered under FIPPA and enjoy its privileges upon completion of admission procedure and obtaining the investment license, on the condition that they bring about value addition .
38.In what manners a foreign investor can invest in an existing Iranian company and become a shareholder?
There are two ways:
1. Acquiring shares of a company based on agreed terms and conditions.
2. Subscription of the shares resulting from the capital increase of the company by way of assigning the first refusal rights of the existing shareholders to the foreign investor.
39.Under what legal framework BOT contracts are implemented?
For the purpose of conducting BOT contracts including BOOT, BOO, etc., the foreign investor may proceed either by establishing a branch office in Iran or by way of incorporating an Iranian company (i.e., Project Company).
40.What is meant by proprietary rights?
Proprietary rights are certain rights arising from having ownership over property and assets and/or rights assigned to the recipient under a contract. This right has been recognized in FIPPA and is applicable to a series of rights including right of ownership, right of operation and profitability, as the case maybe.
41.What is meant by assignment of proprietary rights in BOT contracts?
In BOT contracts assignment would cover the ownership right as well as the rights acquired under the contract which can be assigned to Iranian party of the contract.
42.Are foreign investment companies authorized to open bank accounts outside Iran?
Foreign investment companies are authorized to have bank accounts for the purpose of depositing their export earning. This would facilitate any and all payments due to the foreign investors by way of having a quick and direct access to export earnings from the export of products and services.
43.Is there any requirement for reintroducing export earnings to the Country for joint venture companies and investee firms?
No, no commitment for the return of export earnings is required. Export earnings are at free disposal of the exporter, to be used at his own discretion.
44.Can foreign investor insure his investment? What kind of insurance?
Foreign investor may insure his investment against non-commercial (political) risks with an insurance agency of his respective country. In the event a payment is made to the investor under the insurance contract, the insurer in the capacity of the investor’s subrogee may apply for compensation resulting from the rights the investor is originally entitle to claim.
45.Which authority is competent to settle investment disputes between Iranian and foreign investors or between a foreign investor and the Government?
In general, an investment dispute between Iranian and foreign investors can be referred to domestic or foreign courts or to an international arbitration based on the (prior) agreement of the two parties. However, should the Iranian party to the dispute be a government sector or company, referral of the dispute to foreign courts or international arbitration can be done only upon observance of relevant legal formalities by the Iranian (government) party. To this effect, referral of disputes to international courts and arbitration based on prior agreement between the Iranian Government and the investor's respective government has been accepted in bilateral treaties.
46.How investment disputes may be settled?
Investment disputes may be classified in 3 categories, each of which may be settled in a different manner:
• Disputes between local and foreign investors: This type of dispute may be settled, in the first place, through friendly negotiations. In the event a settlement is not reached, the dispute may be referred to domestic courts, foreign courts and/or international or ad hoc arbitral tribunals. There is no legal impediment for accepting any of the aforementioned methods as is mutually agreed between the parties to the disputes.
• Settlement of disputes between an investor and the host government: As contemplated in Article19 of FIPPA, in the event a dispute between an investor and the Iranian Government is not settled through negotiations, the investor may approach through either of the following options:
a) Referring to domestic courts;
b) Referring the dispute to the competent arbitration tribunal stipulated in the Agreement on Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investment with the investors` respective government (i.e. Bilateral Investment Treaties: BITs).
• Settlement of disputes between host and home governments: This type of disputes are not usually of the same nature as disputes raised between investors. Moreover, they are attributed to the commitments and obligations of the respective governments vis-à-vis in respect of the implementation and interpretation of the contracts. Settlement of such disputes is also included in the bilateral and multilateral investment agreements.
47.Is ownership of land by foreign nationals permitted in Iran?
Yes. Ownership of land to the extent typically required for personal use by foreign nationals is permissible. Recognition of such ownership is dependent upon a specific permission from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
48.Is it permissible to own land by foreign nationals for the purposes other than personal use (i.e. industrial, agricultural, services, etc.)?
The answer is no. On the overall, the ownership of land for the aforementioned purposes which are considered to be beyond personal use, is not permitted.
49.Then how the “ownership of land” in foreign investment projects is resolved?
As explained in previous answer, ownership of land in the name of foreign nationals is not permitted. However, in the event the implementation of foreign investment project results in establishment of an “Iranian Company”, ownership of land in the name of that company which bears an Iranian identity, would be permissible.
50.What is meant by the term “ Iranian Company”?
Iranian company is a company established and registered in Iran in accordance with Iranian Commercial Code, regardless of the identity and nationality of its shareholders or partners.
________________________________________


Chapter Three
Admission Regime
51.Which authority is responsible for admission and protection of foreign investments in the Islamic Republic of Iran?
The Organization for Investment Economic and Technical Assistance of Iran (WORLDBUSINESSYEAR EXPERT ) is the sole government authority which in accordance with FIPPA is legally empowered to admit and extend legal protections to foreign capital. The license for foreign investment under FIPPA is also released by WORLDBUSINESSYEAR EXPERT .
52.Is it obligatory to obtain a license for foreign investment?
For those investment to be covered under FIPPA, it is required. Such a license is released when signed by the Minister of Economic Affairs and Finance.
53.Does it mean that each single investment under FIPPA requires a specific license?
Yes. Foreign investment in any single project covered by FIPPA, requires a separate license.
54.What is the procedure for issuance of a foreign investment license? What documents are required for the issuance of such a license?
The procedure for issuance of an investment license is short and simple. Upon submission of the official application for foreign investment addressed to WORLDBUSINESSYEAR EXPERT , the application will be put in the agenda of the Foreign Investment Board for review within 15 working days, and subsequently a draft license will be communicated to the foreign investor for confirmation. Should the foreign investor be satisfied with the draft, upon his confirmation, the final investment license will be issued and released. The documentation required include the filled-in application form along with all supplements/annexes, as the case may be, and other documents indicated in the last page of the application form.
55.Which services could be provided to foreign investors by WORLDBUSINESSYEAR EXPERT ?
The organization can be addressed and consulted for any and all issues foreign investors come across. To this end, the investor is in touch with only one single organization through the Center for Foreign Investment Service, which will result in time and cost saving for them.
56.What is the objective behind establishment of the Center for Foreign Investment Services ?
For the purpose of facilitating and accelerating the attraction of foreign investments into the Country, the Center for Foreign Investment Services was established at the premises of O.I.E.T.A.I., comprising the representatives of relevant authorities. This center acts as a focal point for the referrals by foreign investment applicants to the relevant Organizations.
57.Does the Organization provide any specific services to foreign investors other than consultancy services?
Of course yes. The Organization, besides offering the consultancy services to foreign investors, provides the following services:
1. Provision of information related to all laws and regulations pertaining to foreign investment;
2. Introducing investment opportunities in the Country;
3. Coordinating with different authorities with respect to applications for foreign investment;
4. Finding appropriate partners/parties, being local or foreign;
5. Contributing towards settlement of disputes between investors;
6. Organizing and arranging meetings and/or appointments with relevant authorities.
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Chapter Four
Foreign Capital
58.What are the types of foreign capital?
According to FIPPA, there are various types of foreign capital which, in addition to cash capital, includes all types of non-cash capital comprising of machinery, equipments, parts, raw material, know-how and expertise services. (For more information please see Article(2) of the Implementing Regulation of FIPPA).
59.Are all kinds of foreign exchange acceptable as cash capital?
In fact, those kinds of foreign exchange which are acceptable to the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, could be registered as cash capital.
60.How foreign cash capital is imported into the Country?
Foreign cash capital shall have to be imported into the Country through banking system and/or the official channels acceptable to the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Evidently, the imported foreign exchange shall be among those currencies acceptable to the said Bank.
61.Is it obligatory to convert the imported foreign exchange into Rials?
That portion of imported foreign exchange required to be converted into Rials at the discretion of the investor, shall be purchased by the recipient bank at the current rate, and its equivalent in Rials shall be deposited in the account of the J.V.C. or the investee firm.
62.Is it possible for the foreign investor not to convert the imported foreign exchange into Rials but use it for foreign purchases and orders related to the investment project?
Yes, as the foreign exchange may be converted into Rials, it is also possible to deposit the same in the foreign exchange account of the J.V.C. or the investee firm to be used, under the supervision of the Organization, for payments related to foreign orders and/or other necessary expenses of the investment project. Depositing foreign exchange without conversion into Rials protects the foreign investor against foreign exchange fluctuations, and provides the opportunity to use it at his own discretion, whenever required.
63.What is the applicable rate for the conversion of the foreign exchange imported into the Country?
The rate applicable for the conversion of cash funds imported by the foreign investors is the prevailing rate of the Country's official monetary network or the free (market) rate as acknowledged by the Central Bank of Iran.
64.Is it necessary to valuate the foreign imported capital before its registration?
Yes. Valuation of capital, whether in cash or kind, is necessary. In both cases, the bank's conversion rate on the date of importation shall be the basis for valuation.
65.What formalities are required for importation of machinery, equipments, parts and raw materials (i.e., non-cash capital)?
In principal, importation of non-cash capital items related to foreign investment projects are not subject to the formalities of importation of commercial commodities. Non cash items of any type can be imported into the Country upon recommendation by WORLDBUSINESSYEAR EXPERT  based on the approved list, and the statistical (order) registration with the Ministry of Commerce.
66.Does it mean that importation of non-cash capital is free from local content requirements, allocation of foreign exchange and opening letter of credit?
That is true. It is not necessary to comply with the local content requirement, allocation of foreign exchange and opening letter of credit.
67.Is there any charge applicable to importation of foreign non-cash (in-kind) capital?
Except for machinery applicable in manufacturing and mining projects, foreign non-cash capital, the same as other goods, is subject to payment of import duties,
68.What criteria are to be considered for importation of know-how?
Technical know-how and specialized services are considered as acceptable types of foreign capital, so should be valuated and registered then as foreign capital. However, the opinion of the relevant Ministry shall be sought before the importation of technical know-how.
69.Is it permissible to pay license fee or royalty?
Sure. In cases where technical know-how is not considered as part of foreign capital, the relevant sums and/or approved royalty are payable to technology supplier.
70.What criterion is set for payment of license fee or royalty to foreign parties?
In any and all manners of payment, the value of imported raw material shall be the basis for calculation of royalty and or license fee. This net amount, after deduction of imported materials value, shall be paid to whom granted the license. In other words, according to prevailing policy, payment of royalty and license fee is calculated on the basis of domestic added value.
71.Is it possible to register patent right and trade mark in Iran?
According to Patent and Trade Marks Registration Law, industrial and intellectual property rights such as patent rights, trade marks and names, etc. can be registered and protected in Iran.
72.Is it necessary to provide the list of non-cash capital before importation of the same?
Yes. Prior to importation of non cash capital, the foreign investor is required to submit to the WORLDBUSINESSYEAR EXPERT  the detailed list of the same comprising technical specifications, manufacturer(s)’ name, year of manufacture and price, along with relevant catalogues. Upon confirmation of the list, the said non-cash capital can be imported into the Country in one or more shipments at the discretion of the investor without any other specific formalities.
73.Is a prior review of technical know-how necessary?
Agreements related to specialized services, to be imported in the from of capital or to be paid for in other ways, shall be submitted to WORLDBUSINESSYEAR EXPERT  along with the foreign investment application. The Organization will then coordinate and consult with the relevant Ministry on the necessity of the know-how as well as its value.
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Chapter 5
Foreign Exchange Transfers
74.What is meant by the term "foreign exchange transfers"?
The term “foreign exchange transfers” refers to transfer of all sums resulting from the performance of a foreign investment and/or other sums to be transferred in the from of foreign exchange. Such transfers are categorized in two:
a. Capital transferssuch as dividends, principal capital, capital gain, sums pertaining to compensation for confiscation or expropriation of foreign capital;
b. Other foreign exchange transfers including those resulted from patent, technical know-how as well as engineering and technical assistance agreements, trade marks and name, and similar agreements.
75.Is there any restriction with regard to the volume of transferable funds?
No, there is no legal restriction with respect to the volume of transferable funds, neither annually nor totally.
76.How the foreign exchange required for such transfers is procured?
Foreign exchange required for transfers related to foreign investments shall be procured and made available by way of purchasing foreign exchange from the banking system or out of foreign exchange earnings resulted from the export of products and/or services of the foreign investment project, as the case may be. However, the mechanism for provision of foreign exchange transfers is specified in the investment license.
77.Which formalities are required for transfers related to a foreign investment?
Principally, any and all foreign exchange transfers shall be made upon formal application of the foreign investor or the joint venture company or investee firm on behalf of the foreign investor. All transfers, after deduction of legal dues, are payable to the foreign investor's account.
78.In case specific regulations or a government decision prohibits the export of products of the investment project, how the foreign exchange related to transfer of capital and profit is procured?
In exceptional cases where export is not so permitted, the foreign investor is authorized to sell his products in domestic market and to purchase, from the banking system, the required foreign exchange for such transfer(s). Obviously, the foreign investor may export other authorized goods instead, should he wish to do so.
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Chapter 6
Tax & Customs Issues
79.What is the rate of income tax for juridical persons in Iran?
The rate of income tax for juridical persons in Iran is 25% of the taxable income (Article 105, Iranian Tax Code).
80.Is an equal rate of tax applicable to all types of company including Iranian as well as foreign companies?
The rate of tax for all types of company, whether Iranian or foreign (branches and representative offices), is 25% that is equally applied (Article 105, Iranian Tax Code).
81.Are branches and representative offices of foreign companies which are engaged only in marketing and information collection for their parent companies abroad, subject to payment of income tax too?
No, branches and representative offices of foreign companies and banks which are engaged in gathering information or marketing in Iran for their parent companies, without any transaction right, and receive remuneration from them against their expenditures, shall not be subject to taxation in respect of such remuneration ( Note 2, Article 107, Iranian Tax Code).
82.How is the income tax of foreign airlines and shipping companies calculated in Iran?
The tax of foreign airlines and shipping companies for passenger freight cost and the like earned in Iran, is a fixed rate of 5% of such earnings whether collected in Iran, at the destination, or on the way.
83.Shall the income derived from transfer of technology agreements such as technical know-how, engineering and technical services and also payments of license fee and royalty be subject to taxation?
In case of granting of licenses and other rights in such agreements, which is considered as the income of foreign juridical persons, taxable income consist of 20% to 40% of all payments received by them during a tax year and shall be taxed at a rate of 25% (Note 2, Article 105; Para“b”, Article 107, Iranian Tax Code).
84.How the contracting business agreements are taxed?
In case of contracting businesses of foreign entities in Iran with regard to all types of work in fields of construction, installations, and technical installation including procurement and setting up of the same or transportation, preparation of design for buildings and installation, topography, supervision and technical calculations, provision of training and technical assistance, transfer of technology and other services, the taxable income will be 12% of total annual receipts. (Para“a”, Article 107, Iranian Tax Code). In the event the relevant employer of the contract is a ministry, a government institution, a state company or a municipality, then that part of the contract price which is used for purchase of supplies and equipments from domestic or foreign sources shall be exempt from taxation, provided that the amounts relevant to those supplies and equipments are included, apart from other items, in the contract or in its further amendments or supplements. (Note 2, Article 107, Iranian Tax Code). However, in accordance with Note 5 of Article 107 of Iranian Tax Code, the taxable income of the activities subject matter of Para“a” of Article 107 thereof, the contracts which will be concluded from the beginning of the year 2003 onwards, shall be audited according to the provisions of Article 106, by way examination of statutory books.
85.How to compute the taxable income in Build, Operate and Transfer (B.O.T) projects, and what is the rate?
The taxable income of foreign investors in Build, Operate and Transfer (B.O.T) contracts in Iran, shall be calculated at a fixed rate of 25% after deduction of acceptable expenditures, by way of examination of the statutory books (Article 105 and 106, Iranian Tax Code).
86.What is the manner of computation of salary income tax of foreignemployees?
The tax rate of salary income of employees whether Iranian or foreigner, after deduction of annual exemptions provided in Article 84of Iranian Tax Code and up to IRR42,000,000 of the annual salary income, shall be subject to a rate of 10%. The rest shall be subject to a rate ranging from 20% to 35%, in accordance with Article 131of the said Code.
87.What is the rate of tax applicable to transfer of shares of companies listed in the Stock Exchange?
Each transfer of companies’ shares and priority right of shares, shall be taxed at a flat rate of 0.5% of the sale value of such shares and priority rights of shares (Note 1, Article 143, Iranian Tax Code).
88.What is the rate of tax applicable to transfer of shares of other companies?
Each transfer of stocks, partnership shares, priority right of stocks and partnership shares shall be taxed at a flat rate of 4% of face value of the shares and/or partnership shares (Note 2, Article 143, Iranian Tax Code).
89.What customs duties are there?
The aggregate of custom tax and duties, order registration fee and other levies on imported goods is called as customs duties which is charged at a rate of 4% of the customs value of the goods. This sum plus the commercial benefit to be determined by the Council of Ministers are referred to as import duties.
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Chapter 7
Tax and Customs Facilities and Exemptions
A. Tax facilities / exemptions
90.What is meant by tax exemption, and how they are realized?
Tax exemption means exemption from payment of tax on income derived from industrial, mining and producing activities. Companies in Iran are required to withhold the tax on dividend, which is considered as natural entities’ tax, and pay it to the relevant tax office (Article 132, Iranian Tax Code).
91.What are the tax exemptions, and in what manner they can be applied?
• Tax exemption in industry, mining and producing sectors:
1. 80% of the income derived from producing and mining activities of cooperative and private sectors are tax exempted for a term of 4 years as from the date of exploitation or extraction (operation) (Article 132, Iranian Tax Code).
2. Any part of the declared profit of private and cooperative companies that is used in the same year for development, reconstruction, renovation or completion of existing industrial or mining units and/or for setting up of new industrial or mining units, is exempted from 50% of the applicable tax (Article 138, Iranian Tax Code).
• Tax exemption in agricultural sector:
The income derived from all activities in the field of agricultural, animal rearing, stock breeding, fish farming, bee-keeping, poultry, husbandry, hunting and fishing, seri-culture, revival of pastures and forests, horticulture of palm trees, is tax exempted without time limitation (Article 81, Iranian Tax Code).
• Tax exemption in tourism sector:
All enterprises for internal and international tourism obtained exploitation permit from the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance shall enjoy an annual exemption with regard to 50% of their applicable taxes (Note 3, Article 132, Iranian Tax Code).
92. Is there any requirement for enjoying tax exemptions?
Yes, industrial and mining enterprises shall enjoy tax exemptions if located out of a 120-kilometer radius from the center of Tehran or out of a 50-kilometer radius from the center of Isfahan, and also out of a 30-kilometers radius from the administrative centers of provinces and cities with a population of more than 300,000. Industrial Estates established within the same 30-kilometers radius from the later province centers and cities are exception to this rule (Note 2, Article 132, Iranian Tax Code).
93.Shall the establishment of manufacturing units in less developed areas result in increase of the rate and period of tax exemption?
Yes, 100% of taxable income of all units located in less developed areas shall be tax exempted for a period of 10 years.
94.In respect of tax exemptions, is there any distinction between the units located in Special Economic Zones and those of the mainland?
No, In respect of tax exemptions, there is no differences between the Special Economic Zones and the mainland. In fact, tax treatment is the same in all parts of the Country.
95.Shall export income enjoy tax exemption?
Yes, 100% of the income derived from exportation of agricultural and industrial finished goods as well as their conversional and complementary industries, also 50% of the income earned from exportation of other non-oil goods, are tax exempted (Article 141, Iranian Tax Code).
96.What is the tax exemption applicable to transit goods?
100% of the income derived from exportation of different goods that have been, or will be, imported to Iran on transit, and are exported without making any changes in the substance thereof, or doing any works on them, are tax exempted (Article 141, Iranian Tax Code).
97.Do the companies quoted in the Stock Exchange enjoy tax exemptions other than those applicable to industrial, mining, agricultural and tourism units?
All the companies listed in the Stock Exchange whose transition of shares is done by stock brokers are tax exempted equivalent to 10% of their payable tax (Article 143, Iranian Tax Code).
B. Customs facilities and exemptions:
98.Is customs exemption applicable to the raw materials imported on transit to be exported then in the form of manufactured goods?
Yes, the raw materials imported on transit for producing purposes are exempted from customs duties. Any sum paid at the time of importation for any reason, shall be refunded once the said goods are exported.
99.At which price are the imported second hand machinery and equipments evaluated in customs house?
All the imported goods are evaluated at new price in customs; only the second hand machinery and equipments which are imported to the Country for production line under FIPPA, are to be evaluated at second hand price.
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Chapter 8
Other Facilities and Exemptions
100.Which facilities are offered by WORLDBUSINESSYEAR EXPERT  for entry visa of foreign investors and experts?
WORLDBUSINESSYEAR EXPERT  facilitates visa formalities of foreign investors, including short and long term as well as single and multi entry visas (i.e., 3 year multi entry visa with a 3 months residence permit that is renewable for 1 year), by introducing foreign investors, directors, foreign experts and their immediate family members to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Foreign investors or joint venture companies can apply for visa by sending the relevant specification form of applicants along with the reasons for their presence to WORLDBUSINESSYEAR EXPERT . It is worth mentioning that WORLDBUSINESSYEAR EXPERT  is not the only reference for foreign investors to obtain visa, but all foreigners, according to the prevailing regulations, can refer to the Missions of the Islamic republic of Iran abroad, and apply for visa.
101.Are there any facilities available for the issuance of residence and work permits?
If necessary, WORLDBUSINESSYEAR EXPERT  will provide certain facilities and assistance to foreign investors in this regard.
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Chapter 9
Miscellaneous
102.With which countries has Iran signed the Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation? And are they enforceable at present?
Before the Revolution, Iran had signed the Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation with two countries, France and Germany, in 1964. After the Revolution, 19 agreements has been signed worldwide.
103.With which countries has Iran signed the Agreement on Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investment?
The Agreement on Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investment has been signed with 40 countries, the final ratification procedure for a number of them is still on the way.
104.Has Iran concluded any multilateral investment agreement?
Yes, the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has joined the Agreement on Promotion, Guarantee and Protection of Investment among OIC member countries as well as the agreement among ECO member countries.
105.Has Iran joined the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)?
Yes, the Islamic Republic of Iran is a member of MIGA at present, to this end foreign investors can enjoy the guarantee mechanisms of this agency as well. Although FIPPA along with bilateral and multilateral investment agreements signed by Iran, provides sufficient protections against non-commercial risks, membership to MIGA gives a double guarantee.
106.Which laws and regulations are necessary for potential foreign investors?
In addition to FIPPA and its Implementing Regulations which protect rights of foreign investors, WORLDBUSINESSYEAR EXPERT  recommends the investors to acquire knowledge of the following regulations:
• Commercial Code (sections related to joint stock companies);
• Export and Import Regulations;
• Iranian Tax Code;
• Customs Law;
• Labour Law (to find out how to employ foreign services);
• Law for Registration of Patent and Trade Marks (to know about industrial and intellectual property rights).