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Hillary Clinton’s Debt to Feminism
August 18, 2015
 

Though she wasn’t an early women’s rights activist, Hillary Rodham Clinton was fortunate to come of age just as the modern feminist movement was beginning to expand opportunities for women in the workplace—and in politics.

 
 
  • Number of women in Congress

     

    14/535

    2/100 women senators

    12/435 women representatives

  • Pay scale

     

    For every dollar that men earn, women are paid 59¢

  • Women in professional occupations

     

    18%

    Women managers and professionals as a percentage of the total workforce

 
1964

Hillary Rodham Clinton

A high school senior and young Republican, Hillary Rodham campaigns for GOP presidential candidate Barry Goldwater of Arizona.

The Women’s Movement

Republican Senator Margaret Chase Smith of Maine is the first woman elected to both houses of Congress. She is also the first woman to have her name placed in nomination for president at a party convention. In the final round of balloting she refuses to withdraw, and comes in second to Goldwater.

1965

Hillary Rodham enrolls at Wellesley College. She majors in political science and is elected president of the Young Republicans Club.

45% of college freshmen in the U.S. are women.

1966
 

National Organization for Women founded.

1967
 

Muriel Siebert is the first woman to own a seat on the New York Stock Exchange.

1968

Elected Wellesley student government president. Volunteers for the presidential campaign of Democratic Senator Eugene McCarthy, who opposes the war in Vietnam.

New York Democrat Shirley Chisholm is the first black woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ends gender bias in newspaper help-wanted ads, making it illegal to have separate listings for men and women.

1969

First student to speak at Wellesley commencement. Chides Massachusetts Republican Senator Edward Brooke for supporting the Vietnam War.

Enrolls at Yale Law School. That year, Yale College admits undergraduate women for the first-time.

Women Strike for Peace protests the Vietnam War.

8% of women in the U.S. have completed four or more years of college, compared with 14% of men.

Women account for 7% of first year law students, and 4.9% of lawyers and judges.

1970

The Yale Review of Law and Social Action publishes its first issue. Hillary Rodham is on the board of editors.

Speaks at the 50th Anniversary convention of the League of Women Voters.

Women account for 38% of the civilian workforce.

1971

Meets Bill Clinton at Yale Law School.

Gloria Steinem (far left) starts the National Women's Political Caucus with prominent feminists including Bella Abzug, Shirley Chisholm, and Betty Friedan.

1972

Campaigns for Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern of South Dakota.

Katharine Graham becomes the Chairman and CEO of the Washington Post Company, the first woman to head a Fortune 500 company. Graham and Post reporters Carl Bernstein (left) and Bob Woodward (right) are soon embroiled in the Watergate scandal.

Congress passes the Equal Rights Amendment outlawing discrimination based on sex. It falls short of approval by the states.

Massachusetts becomes the last state to fully legalize birth control, after the U.S. Supreme Court declares unconstitutional its law prohibiting contraceptives for unmarried women.

40% of the delegates at the Democratic National Convention are women, up from 13% in 1968.

1973

Graduates from Yale Law School, one of 27 women in a class of 235.

In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court clears the way for legal abortion.

In 19 states, women are automatically exempt from jury duty.

1974

Joins House inquiry staff to impeach Richard Nixon; one of three women on the staff of 44 lawyers. In the fall, becomes one of two female faculty members at the University of Arkansas School of Law.

Congress passes the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, requiring banks to make credit equally available to all qualified applicants without regard to race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, or age. Democratic Representative Lindy Boggs of Louisiana inserts “sex and marital status” into the bill.

Women’s Campaign Fund formed: first national PAC to financially support women candidates.

1975

Marries Bill Clinton at age 27. Keeps her maiden name.

Democrat Ella Grasso of Connecticut is the first woman governor to be elected in her own right.  Others had won governorships previously held by their husbands.

21 is the median marriage age of women in the U.S.

The Supreme Court rules that states can’t automatically exclude women from juries.

1976

Joins the Rose Law Firm as its first female associate. Her starting salary is $25K.

14% of lawyers at large law firms are women.
$20,000 is their average starting salary.

Lindy Boggs is first woman to preside over a national political convention, the 1976 Democratic National Convention that nominated Jimmy Carter.

1977
 
 
1978

President Carter appoints her the first woman chair of the Legal Services Corporation, which provides civil legal assistance to Americans who can’t afford it.

Congress passes the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, which prohibits employers from firing pregnant workers.

1979

First female partner at the Rose Law Firm. She earns more than her husband, the governor of Arkansas, until he enters White House in 1993.

9.5% of equity partners at U.S. law firms are women.

1980

Gives birth to Chelsea at age 32.

23 is the median age for first-time mothers in the U.S.

Sherry Lansing becomes president of 20th Century Fox, the first woman to head a major film studio.

For the first time at any major political party nominating convention, women account for half of the voting delegates at the Democratic convention in New York.

1981

Goes by Hillary Rodham Clinton while campaigning for Bill’s re-election as governor.

President Ronald Reagan appoints Jeane Kirkpatrick as the first woman to serve as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations.

Sandra Day O'Connor is first woman appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

1982
 
 
1983

Governor Clinton appoints his wife as chair of the Arkansas Education Standards Committee, an initiative to reform the state's schools.

Sally Ride is the first American woman in space.

1984
 

Geraldine Ferraro is first woman vice-presidential nominee of a major political party. At the Democratic convention former Representative Bella Abzug hands out "It's a girl" cigars.

1985
 

Ellen Malcolm starts EMILY's List to fund the campaigns of pro-choice Democratic women.

Barbie breaks through the plastic ceiling as a business executive.

35.7% of financial managers in the U.S. are women.

1986

First woman to sit on the board of Wal-Mart (1990 photo).

After ten years in the House, Maryland Democrat Barbara Mikulski is elected to the Senate. She goes on to become the first woman chair of the Senate Appropriations Committee and longest serving woman in Congress.

1987

Appointed the first chair of the American Bar Association’s Commission on Women in the Profession, created to address gender bias among lawyers.

Democratic Representative Patricia Schroeder of Colorado explores a presidential run. She concludes she can't raise enough money to be competitive.

1988
 
 
1989
 
 
1990
 
 
1991
 

Anita Hill accuses Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas, her former boss at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, of sexual harassment. The Senate approves Thomas 52-48.

1992

Asked whether it is ethical for the governor’s wife to work at a law firm that does business with the state, she says: “I suppose I could have stayed home and baked cookies and had teas. The work that I’ve done as a professional... has been aimed in part to assure that women can make the choices that they should make... whether it’s a full-time career, full-time motherhood, some combination... is still difficult for people to understand right now, that it is a generational change.”

Bill Clinton elected president. Hillary is the first First Lady to have a law degree.

The Anita Hill hearings prompt a wave of Democratic women to run for Congress. Joining Barbara Mikulski (center) are newly elected Senators (from left) Patty Murray of Washington, Carol Moseley Braun of Illinois, Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer of California. Nineteen women win House seats.

1993

Bill Clinton names her head of the Task Force on National Health Care Reform, the first time a president has appointed his wife to a major policy post. The plan to require employers to provide health coverage to all workers collapses amid widespread opposition.

Family and  Medical Leave Act mandates a minimum of 12 weeks unpaid leave to new mothers.

Janet Reno becomes the first woman U.S. Attorney General.

Ruth Bader Ginsburg becomes the second woman Supreme Court Justice.

1994
 

Congress passes the Violence Against Women Act.

1995

Criticizes China's record on women's rights in a speech at the U.N. World Conference on Women in Beijing.

After a two-and-a-half year lawsuit, Shannon Faulkner is the first woman to become a cadet at the Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina. She quits a week later. The Supreme Court rules in 1996 that the Virginia Military Institute must open admissions to women.

1996
 
 
1997
 

Madeleine Albright becomes first woman U.S. Secretary of State; she is the highest ranking woman to serve in the U.S. government.

The Supreme Court lets stand a lower court decision requiring schools that receive federal funds under Title IX to give equal weight to men’s and women’s sports.

1998

Defends her husband when he denies he had an affair with Monica Lewinsky.

 
1999
 

Republican Elizabeth Dole explores a run for president but drops out after nine months, citing the difficulty of raising money.

2000

Wins election to the Senate from New York. She is the first former First Lady to hold elected office.

 
2001
 
 
2002
 
 
2003

Publishes her memoir.

The proportion of women U.S. military officers reaches just under 21%, an all-time high.

2004
 

Former Democratic Senator Carol Moseley Braun announces her run for president and appears in six debates. Her fundraising falters and she withdraws four days before the Iowa caucuses.

A record 9 women are governors.

2005
 

Condoleezza Rice becomes the second woman Secretary of State.

Washington is first state to have a female governor and two female U.S. senators serving concurrently.

2006

Wins reelection to a second Senate term.

92% of respondents to a January CBS News/New York Times Poll say they would vote for a qualified woman for president.

2007

Announces she's running for president.

Democratic Representative Nancy Pelosi of California becomes the first woman Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.

2008

Drops out of the presidential race on June 7 and endorses Barack Obama.

Alaska Governor Sarah Palin, selected by Senator John McCain as his vice-presidential running mate, becomes the first woman on a national GOP ticket.

U.S ranks 85th out of 188 countries in the number of women who hold seats in the national legislature.

2009

Sworn in as the third woman Secretary of State.

As his first act, President Obama signs the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act. The law makes it easier to challenge unequal pay.

Sonia Sotomayor is third woman on the Supreme Court.

2010
 

Elena Kagan is fourth woman on the Supreme Court.

2011
 

In June, Minnesota Republican Representative Michele Bachmann announces she's running for president. She drops out of the race in January 2012 after placing sixth in the Iowa caucuses.

2012
 

Marissa Mayer is named president and CEO of Yahoo! At 37, she is the youngest CEO of a Fortune 500 company.

Augusta National Golf Club invites Condoleezza Rice and private equity executive Darla Moore (center) to become the first women members.

63.7% of American women over 18 vote in the presidential election, compared to 59.7% of men.

2013
 

Defense Secretary Leon Panetta (left) and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Martin Dempsey announce an end to the ban on women serving in combat.

2014
 

32% of women have completed four or more years of college, about the same percentage as men.

Janet Yellen is the first woman chair of the Federal Reserve.

2015

Announces second bid for the presidency.

An estimated 57% of U.S. college undergraduates are women.

Women account for 245 of the 1,392 mayors of U.S. cities with populations above 30,000.

Former Hewlett-Packard CEO Carly Fiorina announces she will seek Republican 2016 nomination for president.

14 out of 193 countries have a woman head of government.

 
 
 
 

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